How does obesity affect your microbiome?

Obesity and gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction are linked in several ways. Here are some of the key connections:

Alterations in gut microbiota: Obesity has been linked to changes in the composition and diversity of gut microbiota, which can contribute to GI dysfunction. These changes can lead to increased inflammation and alterations in gut motility, secretion, and permeability.

Insulin resistance: Obesity is associated with insulin resistance, which can impair the function of the enteric nervous system (ENS) - the "brain" of the gut - and lead to GI dysfunction. Insulin resistance can also affect the gut microbiota and contribute to inflammation and dysbiosis.

Hormonal changes: Adipose tissue (fat cells) produces hormones and cytokines that can affect GI function. For example, leptin - a hormone produced by fat cells - can modulate GI motility, secretion, and inflammation. Obese individuals often have elevated levels of leptin, which can contribute to GI dysfunction.

Structural changes: Obesity can lead to structural changes in the GI tract, such as increased abdominal pressure, hiatal hernia, and esophageal dilation. These changes can contribute to reflux, dysphagia, and other GI symptoms.

Overall, the link between obesity and GI dysfunction is complex and multifactorial. Weight loss and lifestyle changes (such as dietary modifications and increased physical activity) can improve both obesity and GI function.